Lisovich I. I., Makarov V. S. Research Project “Virtual Shakespearean Sphere: Transformations of Shakespearian Myth in Modern Culture”
The article was written within the framework of the project “Virtual Shakespearean Sphere: Transformations of Shakespearean Myth in Modern Culture” supported with a grant from the Russian Foundation for the Humanities (No. 14-03-00552à).
(Kazan State University of Culture and Arts, Russian State University for the Humanities),
(Kazan [Volga Region] Federal University)
Abstract ♦ The project is devoted to cultural analysis of the virtual world as a universal phenomenon of modern global culture, national cultures and subcultures, taking the epoch of Shakespeare and its modern representations as its case.
Virtual Shakespearean sphere is a cluster of cultural phenomena, which have arisen historically around the personality and works of William Shakespeare as an iconic figure, including attempts at his “decanonization”. Virtual Shakespearean sphere is a comprehensive product of mass conscience aiming at a socially and culturally uneven audience and acts as a new aesthetic reality in the virtual world.
The topicality of proposed study lies in its focus on the process of virtualization of Shakespearean sphere in various forms of modern global culture, since current virtual projects are based on imagination techniques effectively employed by theatre, literature, graphic art and other forms of art as far back as in the days of Shakespeare. The subject selected for analysis (the culture of Shakespeare’s England and the history of its representations) is also important as it was the period when the forming of modern-type national culture began, accompanied by the rise of numerous utopian projects, imaginary representations of national past and imperial future.
A comprehensive study of virtual Shakespearean sphere will allow us to expose the character and development of Shakespearean myth, have a detailed look at how the constants of national and global cultural thesaurus emerge and function in elitarian, mass, quotidian and educational media. It will also bring us closer to historic Shakespeare’s England, giving an opportunity to show how each new period adds new forms and technologies of creative apprehension.
Another factor providing special meaning to the studies of Shakespearean sphere in modern culture is the Shakespearean jubilee celebrations of 2014 and 2016 (the 450th anniversary of the playwright’s birth and the 400th of his death).
The proposed research has a high degree of novelty. Despite an abundance of existing works on separate aspects of the subject presented (theatre, cinema, pictorial arts), the nature of Shakespearean sphere remains as yet undescribed. Utilizing the achievements of interdisciplinary cultural research, we now have to outline the fluid essence of the phenomenon of virtual Shakespearean sphere and comprehend its nature, as well as the potential of its development in cultural studies and other areas of modern humanitarian thought.
We plan to analyze the structure and contents of the notions of “virtual world” and “Shakespearean sphere”, focusing on their elements and changes in technologies and forms of expression of Shakespearean sphere as one of virtual worlds in culture, which have become a constant of global cultural thesaurus. Our objective is to demonstrate how the virtual Shakespearean sphere expands, diversifies and gets more complex; how a new sociocultural and aesthetic reality rises in the virtual world.
Keywords: cultural studies, interdisciplinary research, media culture, W. Shakespeare, Shakespearean sphere, virtual worlds, cultural constants, formation of the Shakespearean myth, new aesthetic reality, contemporary virtual world, sociocultural communications, visual studies, thesaurus analysis.
Lisovich Inna Ivanovna, Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor, Department of Philosophy and Culturology, Kazan State University of Culture and Arts, Doctoral Candidate, Department of the History and Theory of Culture, Russian State University for the Humanities. Postal address: 3 Orenburgskiy Tract, Kazan, Russian Federation, 420059. Tel.: +7 (843) 277-59-07. E-mail:
mag-inna@yandex.ru
Makarov Vladimir Sergeevich, Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor, Department of Translation Studies, Institute of International Relations, History and Oriental Studies, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University. Postal address: 1/55 Pushkin St., Kazan, Russian Federation, 420111. Tel.: +7 (843) 292-20-90. E-mail:
Vladimir.Makarov@ksu.ru
Citation: Lisovich, I. I. and Makarov, V. S. (2014) Nauchno-issledovatel'skii proekt «Virtual'naia shekspirosfera: transformatsii shekspirovskogo mifa v sovremennoi kul'ture» [Research Project “Virtual Shakespearean Sphere: Transformations of Shakespearian Myth in Modern Culture”]. Znanie. Ponimanie. Umenie, no. 2, pp. 264–282. (In Russ.).
Barthes, R. (1989) Ritorika obraza [The Rhetoric of the Image]. In: Barthes R. Izbrannye raboty. Semiotika. Poetika [Selected Works. Semiotics. Poetics]: transl. from French / collected, ed. and opening chapter by G. K. Kosikov. Moscow, Progress Publ. 616 p. Pp. 297–318. (In Russ.).
Baudrillard, J. (2013) Simuliakry i simuliatsiia [Simulacra and Simulation]. Tula, Tul'skii poligrafist Publ. 204 p. (In Russ.).
Gaydin, B. N. (2008) Interpretatsii «gamletovskogo voprosa» i kompleksnoe izuchenie cheloveka [Interpretations of “Hamlet’s Question” and Complex Human Studies. In: Kompleksnoe izuchenie cheloveka: problemy metodologii [Complex Human Studies: The Problems of Methodology] : collection of research papers. Issue 2 / ed. by B. G. Yudin. Moscow, Moscow University for the Humanities Press. 80 p. Pp. 19–32. (In Russ.).
Gaydin, B. N. (2009) Vechnye obrazy kak konstanty kul'tury (interpretatsiia «gamletovskogo voprosa») [Eternal Images as Constants of Culture (An Interpretation of “Hamlet’s Question”] : diss. … Candidate of Science (philosophy). Moscow. 194 p. (In Russ.).
Gaydin, B. N. (2011a) V poiskakh opredelenii poniatiia «konstanta kul'tury» v filosofsko-kul'turologicheskom diskurse [In Search for Definitions of the Concept of “Constant of Culture” in Philosophical and Culturological Discourse]. In: Gorizonty gumanitarnogo znaniia : V chest' 75-letiia Igoria Mikhailovicha Il'inskogo [The Horizons of Humanities Knowledge: In Honour of the 75th Anniversary of Igor Mikhailovich Ilinskiy] : monograph / ed. by Val. A. Lukov and Vl. A. Lukov. Moscow, Humanities Institute of TV & Radio Broadcasting Press. 348 p. Pp. 189–199. (In Russ.).
Gaydin, B. N. (2011b) Obraz Gamleta kak konstanta russkoi kul'tury: kontseptsiia issledovaniia [The Image of Hamlet as a Constant of Russian Culture: The Research Conception]. Informatsionnyi gumanitarnyi portal «Znanie. Ponimanie. Umenie», no. 6 (November — December) [online] Available at: http://www.zpu-journal.ru/e-zpu/2011/6/Gaydin_Image-of-Hamlet/ [archived in ] (accessed 23.04.2014). (In Russ.).
Gaydin, B. N. (2012a) Gamlet dlia gluptsov: gamletizatsiia v tezauruse sovremennoi russkoi massovoi kul'tury [Hamlet for Imbeciles: Hamletization in the Thesaurus of Contemporary Russian Mass Culture]. In: Tezaurusnyi analiz mirovoi kul'tury [The Thesaurus Analysis of World Culture] : collection of research papers. Issue 24 : Special Issue : Vysshee obrazovanie dlia XXI veka: IX Mezhdunarodnaia nauchnaia konferentsiia. Moskva, 15–17 noiabria 2012 g. [Higher Education for the 21st Century: 9th International Conference. Moscow, November 15–17, 2012] : reports and proceedings. Symposium “The Thesaurus Analysis of World Culture” / ed. by Vl. A. Lukov. Moscow, Moscow University for the Humanities Press. 78 p. Pp. 8–19. (In Russ.).
Gaydin, B. N. (2012b) Obraz Gamleta v russkoi kul'ture na rubezhe XX–XXI vv. [The Image of Hamlet in the Russian Culture at the Turn of the 20th–21st Centuries]. Informatsionnyi gumanitarnyi portal «Znanie. Ponimanie. Umenie», no. 6 (November — December). [online] Available at: http://www.zpu-journal.ru/e-zpu/2012/6/Gaydin_Hamlet-Russian-Culture/ [archived in ] (accessed 23.04.2014). (In Russ.).
Gaydin, B. N. (2014) Neoshekspirizatsiia v aspekte dialoga kul'tur [Neo-Shakespearisation in the Context of the Dialogue of Cultures]. In: Materialy Mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii «XXVI Purishevskie chteniia: Shekspir v kontekste mirovoi khudozhestvennoi kul’tury» [Proceedings of the International Conference “The 26th Purishev Readings: Shakespeare in the Context of World Artistic Culture]. Moscow, Moscow State Pedagogical University, April 8–11, 2014 / ed. by E. N. Chernozemova. Moscow, Sam Poligrafist Publ. 196 p. Pp. 9–10. (In Russ.).
Gaydin, B. N. and Zakharov, N. V. (2006) «Russkii Shekspir» v kiberprostranstve [“Russian Shakespeare” in Cyberspace]. In: Shekspirovskie shtudii II [Shakespeare Studies II] : Research and Proceedings of a Workshop Panel on April 26, 2006 / ed. by Vl. A. Lukov ; Moscow University for the Humanities Press, Institute of Humanities Studies. Moscow, Moscow University for the Humanities Press. 102 p. Pp. 80–100. (In Russ.).
Zakharov, N. V. (2007) Gamlet v kul'turnykh tezaurusakh pokolenii [Hamlet in Generational Cultural Thesauri]. In: Tezaurusnyi analiz mirovoi kul’tury [The Thesaurus Approach of World Culture] : collection of research papers. Issue 12 / ed. by Vl. A. Lukov. Moscow, Moscow University for the Humanities Press. 88 p. Pp. 14–19. (In Russ.).
Zakharov, N. V. (2008a) Gumanitarnye konstanty v dialoge kul'tur: shekspirizatsiia, shekspirizm [Humanitarian Constants in the Dialogue of Cultures: Shakespearisation, Shakespearianism]. In: Shekspirovskie shtudii X: Shekspirovskie chteniia 2008 [Shakespeare Studies X: Shakespeare Readings 2008] : The Proceedings of the International Conference (Moscow, September 29 — October 3, 2008) / ed. by N. V. Zakharov and Vl. A. Lukov ; Moscow University for the Humanities. The Institute of Fundamental and Applied Studies. Moscow, Moscow University for the Humanities Press. 90 p. Pp. 36–40. (In Russ.).
Zakharov, N. V. (2008b) Shekspirizm russkoi klassicheskoi literatury: tezaurusnyi analiz [Shakespearianism of Russian Classical Literature: The Thesaurus Analysis] / ed. by Vl. A. Lukov. Moscow, Moscow University for the Humanities Press. 320 p. (In Russ.).
Zakharov, N. V. and Gaydin, B. N. (2006) Grammaticheskie shkoly v epokhu renessansa: chemu uchilsia Shekspir [Grammar Schools in the Age of Renaissance: What Shakespeare Studied]. In: Vysshee obrazovanie dlia XXI veka: III Mezhd. nauch. konf., MosGU, 18–20 oktiabria 2006 g. [Higher Education for the 21st Century: 3rd International Conference, Moscow University for the Humanities, October 18–20, 2006] : reports and proceedings. Issue 10 / ed. by N. V. Zakharov and Vl. A. Lukov. Moscow, Moscow University for the Humanities Press. 91 p. Pp. 49–53. (In Russ.).
Zakharov, N. V., Lukov, Val. A. and Lukov, Vl. A. (2012) Shekspirosfera [Shakespearean Sphere]. Elektronnoe periodicheskoe nauchnoe izdanie «Vestnik Mezhdunarodnoi akademii nauk. Russkaia sektsiia» [Electronic Periodical Research Publication “Herald of the International Academy of Science. Russian Section”], no. 2, pp. 70–75. [online] Available at: http://www.heraldrsias.ru/online/2012/2/238/ [archived in ] (accessed 23.04.2014). (In Russ.).
Zakharov, N. V., Lukov, Val. A., Lukov, Vl. A. and Gaydin, B. N. (2010) Gumanitarnye nauki i novye informatsionnye tekhnologii: internet-proekty [The Humanities and New Information Technologies: Internet Projects]. In: Kul'tura global'nogo informatsionnogo obshchestva: protivorechiia razvitiia [The Culture of the Global Information Society: The Contradictions of Development] / ed. by A. V. Kostina. Moscow, Moscow University for the Humanities Press. 544 p. Pp. 72–83. (In Russ.).
Zakharov, N. V. and Lukov, Vl. A. (2008) Tezaurusnoe pole shekspirovedeniia: osnovnye poniatiia [The Thesaurus Field of Shakespeare Studies: The Main Concepts]. In: Zakharov N. V. Shekspirizm russkoi klassicheskoi literatury: tezaurusnyi analiz [The Shakespearianism of Russian Classical Literature: The Thesaurus Analysis]. Moscow, Moscow University for the Humanities Press. 320 p. Pp. 9–37. (In Russ.).
Zakharov, N. V. and Lukov, Vl. A. (2011a) Kul't Shekspira: Teoriia i vsemirnye masshtaby [The Cult of Shakespeare: Theory and Global Scale]. In: Izvestiia Samarskogo nauchnogo tsentra Rossiiskoi akademii nauk, vol. 13, no. 2, part 1, pp. 148–154. (In Russ.).
Zakharov, N. V. and Lukov, Vl. A. (2011b) Russkii shekspirizm [Russian Shakespearianism]. Izvestiia Samarskogo nauchnogo tsentra Rossiiskoi akademii nauk, vol. 13, no. 2, part 3, pp. 661–666. (In Russ.).
Zakharov, N. V. and Lukov, Vl. A. (2011c) Shekspirovedenie kak sledstvie kul'ta Shekspira [Shakespeare Studies as a Consequence of the Shakespeare Cult]. In: Filologiia: nauchnye issledovaniia, no. 1, pp. 86–93. (In Russ.).
Zakharov, N. V. and Lukov, Vl. A. (2012) Genii na veka: Shekspir v evropeiskoi kul'ture [A Genius for Centuries: Shakespeare in European Culture]. Moscow, Humanities Institute of TV & Radio Broadcasting Press. 504 p. (In Russ.).
Zakharov, N. V., Lukov, Vl. A. and Gaydin, B. N. (2012) «Shekspirovskaia industriia» ot istokov do nashikh dnei [“Shakespeare Industry” from the Origins till Our Times]. Informatsionnyi gumanitarnyi portal «Znanie. Ponimanie. Umenie», no. 1 (January — February). [online] Available at: http://www.zpu-journal.ru/e-zpu/2012/1/Zakharov~Lukov~Gaydin_Shakespeare-Industry/ [archived in ] (accessed 23.04.2014). (In Russ.).
Zakharov, N. V. and Makarov, V. S. (2014) Proekt «Sovremenniki Shekspira» kak chast' virtual'noi shekspirosfery [“Shakespeare’s Contemporaries” Project as an Element of Virtual Shakespearean Sphere]. In: Materialy Mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii «XXVI Purishevskie chteniia: Shekspir v kontekste mirovoi khudozhestvennoi kul’tury» [Proceedings of the International Conference “26th Purishev Readings: Shakespeare in the Context of World Artistic Culture”]. Moscow, Moscow State Pedagogical University, April 8–11, 2014 / ed. by E. N. Chernozemova. Moscow, Sam Poligrafist Publ. 196 p. Pp. 7–9. (In Russ.).
Kristeva, Ju. (2004) Izbrannye trudy: Razrushenie poetiki [Selected Works. The Destruction of Poetics]. Moscow, ROSSPEN Publ. 656 p. (In Russ.).
Lisovich, I. I. (2009) Greshem-kolledzh i imperskie ambitsii Londona XVII v. [Gresham College and Imperial Ambitions of Seventeenth-century London] In: Sotsiokul'turnoe prostranstvo sovremennogo goroda : a collection of articles / ed. by L. V. Kartseva. Kazan : Kazan State University of Culture and Arts Press. 286 p. Pp. 71–79. (In Russ.).
Lisovich, I. I. (2012a) Nauka kak natsional'nyi proekt v diskursivnykh praktikakh Anglii rannego vremeni [Science as a National Programme in Discursive Practices of Early Modern English History]. In: Shekspirovskie chteniia 2012: Shekspir v natsional'nykh kul'turakh [Shakespeare Readings 2012: Shakespeare in National Cultures] : abstracts. 2nd edition, revised, electronic. Moscow, Moscow University for the Humanities Press. 70 p. Pp. 28–30. (In Russ.).
Lisovich, I. I. (2012b) Opera o Doktore Di: “If We Had Kept that Spirit in Our Hearts” [An Opera about Dr. Dee: “If We Had Kept that Spirit in Our Hearts”]. Informatsionno-issledovatel'skaia baza dannykh «Sovremenniki Shekspira: Elektronnoe nauchnoe izdanie» [Information and Research Database “Shakespeare’s Contemporaries: An Electronic Research Publication”] [online] Available at: http://around-shake.ru/news/3824.htm [archived in ] (accessed 23.04.2014). (In Russ.).
Lisovich, I. I. (2012c) Poeziia i nauka: diskursivnaia transgressiia v Anglii rannego Novogo vremeni [Poetry and Science: Discursive Transgression in Early Modern England]. In: Predel, granitsa, ramka: interpretatsiia kul'turnykh kodov [Limits, Borders and Frames: Interpretation of Cultural Codes] : collection of articles / collected and ed. by V. Yu. Mikhailin, E. P. Reshetnikova. Saratov, LISKA Publ. 196, [3] p. (In Russ.). Pp. 145–161.
Lisovich, I. I. (2013a) Vizual'naia reprezentatsiia uchenogo v evropeiskoi kul'ture rannego Novogo vremeni [Visual Representation of Scientists in the Early Modern European Culture]. Dialog so vremenem, no. 45, pp. 251–270. (In Russ.).
Lisovich, I. I. (2013b) Vizual'noe kak put' k istine: Platon, Fichino, Diurer i nachalo nauchnoi revoliutsii [The Visual as the Way to Truth: Plato, Ficino, Dürer and the Start of the Scientific Revolution]. Vestnik Kazanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta kul'tury i iskusstv, no. 2, pp. 42–47. (In Russ.).
Lotman, Yu. M. (2010) Semiosfera: Kul'tura i vzryv; Vnutri mysliashchikh mirov; Stat'i, issledovaniia, zametki [Semiosphere: Culture and the Explosion; Inside the Thinking Worlds; Articles, Studies, Notes]. Saint Petersburg : Iskusstvo-SPB Publ. 704 p. (In Russ.).
Lukov, Val. A. and Lukov, Vl. A. (2008) Tezaurusy: Sub"ektnaia organizatsiia gumanitarnogo znaniia [Thesauri: The Subjective Organization of Human Knowledge]. Moscow, The National Institute of Business Press. 784 p. (In Russ.).
Lukov, Val. A. and Lukov, Vl. A. (2014) Shekspirosfera [Shakespearean Sphere]. In: Materialy Mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii «XXVI Purishevskie chteniia: Shekspir v kontekste mirovoi khudozhestvennoi kul’tury» [The Proceedings of the International Conference “The 26th Purishev Readings: Shakespeare in the Context of World Artistic Culture”]. Moscow, Moscow State Pedagogical University, April 8–11, 2014 / ed. by E. N. Chernozemova. Moscow, Sam Poligrafist Publ. 196 p. Pp. 4–7. (In Russ.).
Lukov, Vl. A. (1995) Virtual'naia real'nost' i literatura [Virtual Reality and Literature]. In: Nauchnye trudy Moskovskogo pedagogicheskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. V. I. Lenina. Seriia: Gumanitarnye nauki [Scholarly Works of Lenin Moscow State Pedagogical University. Series: The Humanities] / ed. by Vl. A. Lukov. Moscow, Prometei Publ. P. 151. (In Russ.).
Lukov, Vl. A. (2006a) Kul't pisatelia: formirovanie nauchnogo poniatiia v sovremennoi kul'ture [The Cult of the Writer: The Development of the Scholarly concept in Contemporary Culture]. In: Tezaurusnyi analiz mirovoi kul’tury [The Thesaurus Approach of World Culture] : collection of research papers. Issue 4 / ed. by Vl. A. Lukov. Moscow, Moscow University for the Humanities Press. 58 p. Pp. 49–57. (In Russ.).
Lukov, Vl. A. (2006b) Kul't Shekspira kak nauchnaia problema [The Cult of Shakespeare as a Research Problem]. Vestnik Mezhdunarodnoi akademii nauk (Russkaia sektsiia) [Herald of the International Academy of Science (Russian Section)], no. 2, pp. 70–72. (In Russ.).
Lukov, Vl. A. (2006c) Shekspirovedenie v svete issledovaniia konstant evropeiskikh kul'turnykh tezaurusov [Shakespearian Studies in the Light of Research on the Constants of European Cultural Thesauri]. In: Shekspirovskie shtudii III: Linii issledovaniia [Shakespeare Studies III: The Paths of the Research] : collection of research papers : proceedings of a research workshop, November 14, 2006 ; Moscow University for the Humanities, Institute of Humanities Studies / ed. by N. V. Zakharov, Vl. A. Lukov. Moscow, Moscow University for the Humanities Press. 95 p. Pp. 3–31. (In Russ.).
Lukov, Vl. A. (2010a) Ot shekspirizma k neoshekspirizmu: razvitie kul'turnoi tendentsii v XX veke [From Shakespearianism to Neo-Shakespearianism: Development of the Cultural Tendency in the 20th Century]. In: Shekspirovskie chteniia 2010 [Shakespeare Readings 2010] / ed. by A. V. Bartoshevich. Moscow, Moscow University for the Humanities Press. 404 p. Pp. 162–169. (In Russ.).
Lukov, Vl. A. (2010b) Shekspir na ekrane: «neoshekspirizatsiia» i «neoshekspirizm» [Shakespeare on Screen: “Neo-Shakespearisation” and “Neo-Shakespearianism”]. In: Nauka televideniia [The Science of Television] : research almanac. Issue 7. Moscow, Humanities Institute of TV & Radio Broadcasting Press. Pp. 318–328. (In Russ.).
Lukov, Vl. A. and Zakharov, N. V. (2008a) Gumanitarnye konstanty v dialoge kul'tur: shekspirizatsiia, shekspirizm [Human Constants in the Dialogue of Cultures: Shakespearisation, Shakespearianism]. In: Gumanitarnye konstanty [Human Constants] : proceedings of the conference of the Institute of Humanities Studies at Moscow University for the Humanities on February 16, 2008 : collection of research papers / ed. by Val. A. Lukov. Moscow, Moscow University for the Humanities Press. 101 p. Pp. 35–40. (In Russ.).
Lukov, Vl. A. and Zakharov, N. V. (2008b) Kul't Shekspira [The Cult of Shakespeare]. Znanie. Ponimanie. Umenie, no. 1, pp. 132–141. (In Russ.).
Lukov, Vl. A. and Zakharov, N. V. (2008c) Kul't Shekspira kak sotsiokul'turnyi fenomen [The Cult of Shakespeare as a Sociocultural Phenomenon]. Vestnik Mezhdunarodnoi akademii nauk (Russkaia sektsiia) [Herald of the International Academy of Science (Russian Section)], no. 1, pp. 65–68. (In Russ.).
Lukov, Vl. A. and Zakharov, N. V. (2008d) Shekspirizatsiia i shekspirizm [Shakespearisation and Shakespearianism]. Znanie. Ponimanie. Umenie, no. 3, pp. 253–256. (In Russ.).
Makarov, V. S. (2011) «Monstruoznye figury» v Anglii XVII veka: Voobrazhaemyi monstr kak konstrukt [“Monstrous Figures” in Seventeenth-century England: The Imaginary Monster as a Construct]. Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, no. 107, pp. 118–136. (In Russ.).
Makarov, V. S. (2012a) “Wordseer”: kakie slova u Shekspira chashche vsego opredeliaiut sushchestvitel'noe «zhizn'»? [“Wordseer”: Which Words Mostly Denote the Noun “Life” in Shakespeare’s Works?]. Informatsionno-issledovatel'skaia baza dannykh «Sovremenniki Shekspira: Elektronnoe nauchnoe izdanie» [Information and Research Database “Shakespeare’s Contemporaries: An Electronic Research Publication”] [online] Available at: http://around-shake.ru/news/3989.htm [archived in ] (accessed 23.04.2014). (In Russ.).
Makarov, V. S. (2012b) iBard: god «mobil'nogo Shekspira» prodolzhaetsia [iBard: The Year of “Mobile Shakespeare” Is in Progress]. Informatsionno-issledovatel'skaia baza dannykh «Sovremenniki Shekspira: Elektronnoe nauchnoe izdanie» [Information and Research Database “Shakespeare’s Contemporaries: An Electronic Research Publication”] [online] Available at: http://around-shake.ru/news/3996.htm [archived in ] (accessed 23.04.2014). (In Russ.).
Makarov, V. S. (2012c) Proekt «Retsepty»: eda, magiia, nauka i meditsina [The Recipes Project: Food, Magic, Science and Medicine]. Informatsionno-issledovatel'skaia baza dannykh «Sovremenniki Shekspira: Elektronnoe nauchnoe izdanie» [Information and Research Database “Shakespeare’s Contemporaries: An Electronic Research Publication”] [online] Available at: http://around-shake.ru/news/4084.htm [archived in ] (accessed 23.04.2014). (In Russ.).
Makarov, V. S. (2012d) Proshloe Londona: novyi geoinformatsionnyi proekt [London’s Past: A New Geoinformational Project]. Informatsionno-issledovatel'skaia baza dannykh «Sovremenniki Shekspira: Elektronnoe nauchnoe izdanie» [Information and Research Database “Shakespeare’s Contemporaries: An Electronic Research Publication”] [online] Available at: http://around-shake.ru/news/4047.htm [archived in ] (accessed 23.04.2014). (In Russ.).
Makarov, V. S. (2012e) Rannee Novoe vremia vozvrashchaetsia?: kommentarii k debatam o prezentizme i istorizme [Has Early Modernity Made a Comeback?: Commentaries on the Debates about Presentism and Historicism]. In: Inostrannye iazyki v sovremennom mire: aktual'nye problemy obucheniia iazykam dlia professional'nykh spetsial'nykh tselei [Foreign Languages in Modern World: The Topical Issues of Language Learning for Professional Purposes] : proceedings of the 5th International and Training Conference. Kazan : Kazan Federal University Press. 608 p. Pp. 257–263. (In Russ.).
Makarov, V. S. (2012f) Shekspirovskii sprint: nuzhen li eshche odin elektronnyi variant Pervogo folio Shekspira? [Sprinting for Shakespeare: Do We Need One More Electronic Version of Shakespeare’s First Folio]. Informatsionno-issledovatel'skaia baza dannykh «Sovremenniki Shekspira: Elektronnoe nauchnoe izdanie» [Information and Research Database “Shakespeare’s Contemporaries: An Electronic Research Publication”] [online] Available at: http://around-shake.ru/news/4086.htm [archived in ] (accessed 23.04.2014). (In Russ.).
Makarov, V. S. and Gaydin, B. N. (2013) Genii Shekspira [Shakespeare’s Genius]. Znanie. Ponimanie. Umenie, no. 1, pp. 313–318. (In Russ.).
Makarov, V. S. and Lisovich, I. I. (2012) Bytovye praktiki v Anglii rannego Novogo vremeni [Everyday Life Practices in Early Modern England]. In: Shekspirovskie shtudii XVIII (1): Sovremenniki Shekspira: izbrannye kharakteristiki [Shakespeare Studies XVIII (1): Shakespeare’s Contemporaries: Selected Characteristics] : Part 1, Sections 1–3 : collection of research papers. Research and proceedings of an academic seminar on April 23, 2012 / ed. by N. V. Zakharov, Vl. A. Lukov and B. N. Gaydin ; Moscow University for the Humanities. The Institute of Fundamental and Applied Studies ; International Academy of Science. Moscow, Moscow University for the Humanities Press. 84 p. Pp. 75–81. (In Russ.).
Samarskaia, E. A. (2006) Zhan Bodriiiar i ego vselennaia znakov [Jean Baudrillard and His Universe of Signs]. In: Baudrillard J. Obshchestvo potrebleniia. Ego mify i struktury [The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures] / transl. from French, afterword and notes by E. A. Samarskaia. Moscow, Kul'turnaia revoliutsiia Publ. ; Respublika Publ. 269 p. Pp. 251–264. (In Russ.).
42-i ezhegodnyi s"ezd Shekspirovskoi assotsiatsii Ameriki [The 42nd Annual Meeting of the Shakespeare Association of America] (2014) Informatsionno-issledovatel'skaia baza dannykh «Sovremenniki Shekspira: Elektronnoe nauchnoe izdanie» [Information and Research Database “Shakespeare’s Contemporaries: An Electronic Research Publication”] [online] Available at: http://around-shake.ru/news/4726.htm [archived in WebCite] (accessed 23.04.2014). (In Russ.).
Bieber, M., Engelbart, D. et al. (2002) Toward Virtual Community Knowledge Evolution. Journal of Management Information Systems, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 11–35.
Biocca, F. and Levy, M. R. (1995) Communication in the Age of Virtual Reality. Hillsdale, NJ : L. Erlbaum Associates. viii, 401 p.
Buhler, P. M. (2002) Shakespeare in the Cinema: Ocular Proof. Albany, State University of New York Press. xii, 213 p.
Burnett, M. T. (2012) Filming Shakespeare in the Global Marketplace. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan. xvii, 227 p.
Burnett, M. T. and Wray, R. (2006) Screening Shakespeare in the Twenty-first Century. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. iv, 218 p.
Castronova, E. (2005) Synthetic Worlds: The Business and Culture of Online Games. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. xi, 332 p.
Castronova, E. et al. (2007) What Is a Synthetic World? In: Space Time Play. Computer Games, Architecture and Urbanism: The Next Level / ed. by F. von Borries, P. Walz and M. Böttger. Basel, Birkhäuser. 495 p. Pp. 174–177.
Cox, C. and Warner, D. (2004) Audio Culture: Readings in Modern Music. London, Continuum. xvii, 454 p.
Dovey, J. and Kennedy, H. (2006) Game Cultures: Computer Games as New Media. Maidenhead, Open University Press ; McGraw-Hill International. x, 171 p.
Duncan, R. (2000) Toward a Theory of Comic Book Communication. In: Academic Forum / ed. by K. Fudge and M. R. Lloyd. Arkadelphia, AR, Henderson State University. No. 17. Pp. 71–88.
Duncan, R. and Smith, M. J. (2009) The Power of Comics: History, Form and Culture. New York ; London, Continuum. x, 346 p.
Engelbart, D. C. (2002) Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework (1962). In: Multimedia. From Wagner to Virtual Reality (Expanded edition) / ed. by R. Packer, K. Jordan. New York, WW Norton & Company. xxxviii, 458 p. Pp. 64–90.
Fromme, J. and Unger, A. (2012) Computer Games and New Media Cultures. Dordrecht ; New York, Springer. viii, 710 p.
Garber, M. (2009) Shakespeare and Modern Culture. New York, Anchor Books. xxxv, 326 p.
Heim, M. (1993) The Metaphysics of Virtual Reality. New York ; Oxford, Oxford University Press. xiii, 175 p.
Heim, M. (1998) Virtual Realism. New York ; Oxford, Oxford University Press. xiii, 238 p.
Huang, A. C. Y. (2009) Chinese Shakespeares: Two Centuries of Cultural Exchange. New York, Columbia University Press. xi, 350 p.
Lanier, D. M. (2002) Shakespeare and Modern Popular Culture. Oxford ; New York, Oxford University Press. ix, 187 p.
Lanier, D. M. (2006) Shakespeare and Cultural Studies: An Overview. Shakespeare, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 228–248.
Latham, R. (1995) The Dictionary of Computer Graphics and Virtual Reality. 2nd ed. New York, Springer. xi, 169 p.
Murray, J. H. (1997) Hamlet on the Holodeck: The Future of Narrative in Cyberspace. New York, Free Press. xii, 324 p.
Nayar, P. K. (2004) Virtual Worlds: Culture and Politics in the Age of Cybertechnology. New Delhi ; Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage. 343 p.
Packer, R. and Jordan, K. (2002) Ouverture. In: Multimedia. From Wagner to Virtual Reality (Expanded edition) / ed. by R. Packer, K. Jordan. New York, WW Norton & Company. xxxviii, 458 p. Pp. XV–XXXVIII.
Ryan, M.-L. (2004) Narrative Across Media: The Languages of Storytelling. Lincoln, NE, University of Nebraska Press. vi, 422 p.
Shakespeare on Film (1998) / ed. by R. Shaughnessy. Basingstoke ; New York, Palgrave. xi, 206 p.
The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Popular Culture (2007) / ed. by R. Shaughnessy. Cambridge ; New York, Cambridge University Press. ix, 291 p.
Theall, D. (2001) The Virtual Marshall McLuhan. Montreal, McGill-Queen’s University Press. xii, 305 p.
Weber, P. (2004) “The Virtual Reality of Theater”: Antonin Artaud. In: Weber P. Theatricality as Medium. New York, Fordham University Press. xiv, 408 p. Pp. 277–294.
